16 січня, 2017

Завдання ІІІ етапу олімпіади з англійської мови, 9 клас, 2017

Miністерство освіти і науки України

III етап Всеукраїнської учнівської олімпіади
з англійської мови

THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE
STAGE III NATIONAL STUDENTS OLYMPIAD
IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE


Reading Comprehension Test
For 9th form Students
Student’s Booklet




Do not open this booklet

until advised by the teacher

 
 
 
 
Dictionaries are not allowed







Reading Comprehension Test for 9th Form Students

Directions:
In this test you will read five texts. Each text is followed by multiple-choice questions.
You should do the tasks that follow a text on the basis of what is stated or implied in that text.
For each task you will choose the best possible answer from four possible answers (A, B, C, or D), as specified prior to each task. Choose the best answer and circle the symbol or letter of your choice.

Text 1
Mail Service
Historical references to postal systems in Egypt date from about 2000 ВС. That time mail was carried from place to place by horse or horse-drawn wagon. It was predominantly govern­ment mail. On the other side of the world, in China, mail ser­vice had been started early in 12th century ВС. It was used mostly to convey official documents.
The Roman Empire built the most advanced postal delivery system known until that time except for the service in China. In the Roman Empire reliable communication from Rome to governors and military officials in faraway provinces was a necessity. The speed with which government dispatches and other mail could be carried about the empire was amazing for that time. In Europe of the 19th century, stagecoaches began to carry letters and packages, but most mail was still being transported the same way as in the Roman Empire.
Since that time many things have changed. Today we can send our letters using also airmail, the quickest mailing ser­vice. Nowadays there are post-offices in every town and city. If you want to post an ordinary letter or a postcard, you need to buy an envelope with required stamp, write the address on it and put your letter in and send it. For a registered letter, an airmail letter or an ordinary letter to another country, one must buy and stick other stamps on the envelope.
If you want to send a telegram, you can either take it to the nearest post-office or dictate it over the telephone. But if you have the Internet, there is no need to go to the local post-of­fice, you can just connect to the Internet and using your mail program, send a letter or letters to where you need. The only condition is whether your recipient has or not a computer and the Internet. E-mail is cheaper and instant.
If you want to use traditional method and would like your letter to arrive more quickly, you can send it by airmail or ex­press mail.
If you want to send a parcel, you must go to the post-of­fice, hand your parcel to an assistant, who weighs it on scales and gives you the necessary stamps. The amount you have to pay depends on the weight of the parcel.
Questions 1 through 6 (on your answer sheet circle the correct letter A, B, C, or D) refer to Text 1.
1.   Who was the first to use mail services? 
a)   governors   
b)   common people      
c)   postmen    
d)   Romans
2.   What was unusual about mail in the Roman Empire?
a)   post-offices    
b)   hoarse-wagon    
c)   packages
d)   speed
3. What should you do with a stamp?
a)   register it          
b)   fix it     
c)   stamp it      
d)   require it
4. What is the quickest traditional way of mail delivery?
a)   express 
b)   the Internet
c)   an envelope    
d)   by air
5. What does the price of the parcel depend on?
a)   a recipient      
b)   a stamp     
c)   the weight  
d)   paper
6. What is the obligatory condition for e-mailing?
a)   cheap and instant access
b)   a computer and the Internet   
c)   an envelope and connection   
d)   a mail program or express mail

Text 2
Choosing a Career in Britain
Most people spend a third of their lives at work and spend more time with their work colleagues than with their families or friends. So it is important that people enjoy their work as much as possible: and enjoying work means choosing the right career in the first place.
People in Britain can start work at the age of sixteen, though many people stay at school after this age. For all people, as they approach the end of their school lives the big question is – what are they going to do?
Most young people have several choices open to them when they leave school. Here are some of them. They can leave school at the age of sixteen and take a low-paid job, often a manual one such as working in a shop or a factory.
They can leave school at sixteen, take a job but spend one day a week at a College of Further Education learning more about the theory and practice of their work. Many people who are learning a practical skill – for example, car mechanics, caterers, hairdressers or typists – do this. At the end of their training, they get a qualification, which gives them a better chance of promotion and higher wages. At the same time they have gained practical experience in their job, because they have been working while training.
Many people stay at school to take A (advanced) level G.C.E. (general certificate of education) examinations. This means working very hard and earning no money for two or three more years. However, with A-levels, a student has more choices open to him. If he goes to a Technical College, he can get a qualification in a practical skill such as engineering, art and design, secretarial work, business studies and childcare. He can go to a College of Education and train to be a teacher. These training courses take from two to seven years.
If a student has very good results in his A-levels, he can go to university and get a degree in a subject like Languages, Math, Philosophy, Literature or Science. This normally takes three years. However, after such an academic course, many students still have no practical skill for doing a job.
Questions 7 through 12 (on your answer sheet circle the correct letter A, B, C, or D) refer to Text 2.
7.  To take GCE exams you must…
a)   have a well-paid job
b)   stay at school for some more years
c)   attend classes once a week
d)   take A level
8.  A university graduate gains…
a)   a lot of practical experience
b)   good “A” level results
c)   good knowledge in subject like Languages, Math, Philosophy or Science
d)   a degree
9.  Most 16 year-olds …
a)   are offered a variety of opportunities
b)   get qualification in some practical skill
c)   take further education outside school
d)   take a low-paid job
10.  While attending a College of Further Education you …
a)   get promotion and higher wages
b)   just get a qualification
c)   only study for an “A” level GCE exam
d)   combine training and work
11. What does university degree lack for?
a)   an academic course
b)   a variety of opportunities
c)   practical experience in a job
d)   a qualification
12.  Getting a university degree takes …
a)   the third year
b)   from two to seven years
c)   a third of your life
d)   three years

Text 3
A British Club
The club is an especially British institution. There are school clubs and college clubs, political clubs and cultural clubs, town clubs and country clubs. There are sport clubs of all sorts including yacht clubs and driving clubs. There is even the Pony Club with more than 70,000 members. There are numerous Shakespeare clubs and more than 800 “official” music clubs and societies belonging to the National Federation of Music Societies.
The earliest English club is known to be Le Court de Bone Compagnie. In flourished in the 16th century and was likely to be a dining club.
With the rise of coffee-houses in the middle of the 17th century clubs seemed to acquire more or less settled homes and they began to take a distinctive character. We believe it to be usual for the landlord of a coffee-house to rely for his profit on the food and drink consumed by the members. The presence of notable men was desirable. It was at this period that the term “club” in its modern sense first came into common use.
In the 18th century the number and variety of clubs increased very rapidly. Important and influential were the political clubs. But the literary, artistic and social associations were the most characteristic of the period.
In the 19th century clubs in general began to acquire permanent headquarters often in the form of imposing houses specially built for them by well-known architects. Clubs for different professions and interests became usual.
One of the most famous clubs of London is The Other Club. It was founded in 1911 by Winston Churchill. Limited to fifty, the list of membership includes members of the Commons and the Lords and other prominent people. Members of the club gather for dinner once a month. The club was given the name of The Other Club because it aims always to hear the other man’s point of view. The Other Club is rich in traditions, many of them were introduced by Winston Churchill. For example, whenever there were only thirteen members of the club at dinner, a large wooden black cat was placed near him at the table with a napkin tied around its neck. The black cat was named Kaspar. It was designed and carved from a piece of plane tree.
profit – прибуток, користь
headquarters – місце постійного перебування  
 Questions 13 through 18 (on your answer sheet circle the correct letter A, B, C, or D) refer to Text 3.
13.  A British club originated from ...
a)   a Shakespeare club
b)   the Other Club
c)   Le Court de Bone Compagnie
d)   a political club
14. The landlord of a coffee-house relied for his profit on
a) notable men
b) customers
c) meals served
d) beverages
15. Numerous clubs of different kinds appeared in …
a)   the eighteenth century
b)   the seventeenth century
c)   the sixteenth century
d)   the nineteenth century
16.  The Other Club welcomes …
a)   prominent common people
b)   members of every social class
c)   Winston Churchill
d)   political and social elite
17.  Kaspar …
a)   was made of glass
b)   was a wooden cat always present at the dinner table with Winston Churchill
c)   never enjoyed club dinners
d)   enjoyed club dinners with a napkin tied around its neck
18.  To sum up, the first English club was …
a)   a coffee-house
b)   a driving club
c)   a thriving dining club
d)   a diving club

Text 4
The Basketball Game
James Naismith invented basketball in 1891. Naismith was a Canadian, but lived in the United States. He was a teacher at Springfield Training School in the state of Massachusetts. He taught sports and found there were no interesting games to play indoors in the winter months. So he thought of a game.
Naismith's students played the first game of basketball in the Springfield gym in 1891. There were nine men on each team. They used a soccer ball. They put peach baskets on the gym wall. The goal or purpose of the game was to throw the ball in the basket. That is why he called the game basketball. A man with a ladder went to the basket. He climbed the ladder and took the ball out of the basket. Luckily, only one man got the ball into the basket in the first game.
Basketball is a very fast game. Players must run up and down the basketball court or gym floor the whole game. At the same time they must control the ball. Today, most players are tall. Many of them are over seven feet tall and weigh more than 200 pounds. But one of basketball great players was Barney Sedran. He played from 1912 to 1926 and is in the Basketball Hall of Fame. He was only 5 feet 4 inches tall and 118 pounds!
Today, basketball is an international sport. In America, the National Basketball Association (NBA) has some of the best players in the world. Basketball is also an Olympic sport today. In the Olympics, the best teams from many countries play to show they are the best.
Questions 19 through 24 (on your answer sheet circle the correct letter A, B, C, or D) refer to Text 4.
19.  The game was called «basketball» because … .
a)   the ball was to hit the net
b)   it could be played indoors
c)   players put peaches in baskets
d)   the ball was taken out of the basket
20.  Basketball was invented ...
a)   in Canada
b)   by an American
c)   by an American teacher
d)   by an American sportsman
21.  The score in the first game was ...
a)   0:0
b)   1:0
c)   1:1
d)   1:2
22.  Barney Sedran was one of ...
a)   the first basketball players
b)   the worst players
c)   the shortest players
d)   the best players
23.  The number of the players on the court didn't exceed …
a)   nine
b)   eighteen
c)   eighty
d)   sixteen
24. What was used to take a ball out of the basket?
a)   hands
b)   a stick
c)   a soccer ball
d)   a ladder

Text 5
The Internet
Since the early times communication played a crucial role in human society. All the previous ways of communication set the stage for the present unprecedented integration of communication capabilities, which we call Internet. Internet revolutionized the communication world like nothing before.
If you are a Netizen (Net citizen), you can consider any person on the Net your compatriot. It does not matter where this person lives. In the virtual reality of the Net you live next door to everyone. There are no borders for the Internet, you work in cyberspace.
Every person on the Net can make an intellectual contribution to the global society. It means that access to the Net needs to be universal. It is a long way to go to achieve this goal, but a lot has been done in this direction already.
In the United States, you can get unlimited number of hours on the Internet paying about $20.00 a month and this cost is definitely going down. The universities provide free access to the Net for their students, professors, staff, etc. Many businesses are also connected and allow their employees to use the Net for business purposes. Most public libraries now offer free on line service through their computers.
There is another process going on with the Internet – its commercialization. Businesses advertise and market on the Internet. Online catalogs and advertising provide many opportunities, and online shopping is becoming more and more popular. There are lots of companies that are trying to make profit through the Internet.
The Internet owes its design to the US Defense Department's project of 1969. The Internet was designed in part to provide a communications network that would work even if some of the sites were destroyed by nuclear attack. Then people in universities all over the world started to use the network to share ideas. They used it for work and for fun. In the 1980s, people started calling it the Internet.
crucial – вирішальний, ключовий
to set the stage – закласти фундамент
an employee – працівник, співробітник
profit – прибуток, користь
 Questions 25 through 30 (on your answer sheet circle the correct letter A, B, C, or D) refer to Text 5.
25. A lot of companies use the Internet …
a)   to reserve cyberspace
b)   to sell their products
c)   to download information
d)   to make an intellectual contribution
 26. The Internet was invented to supply communication...
a)   for military reasons
b)   for research purposes
c)   for business
d)   for commercialization
27. In the USA the cost of monthly connection to the Internet is …
a)   not changing
b)   growing fast
c)   twelve dollars
d)   decreasing
28. The word Netizen is used to describe ...
a)   a person who has a computer
b)   a person who consider anyone on the Net their compatriot
c)   a person who uses the Internet and its resources
d)   a computer programmer
29. American libraries provide Internet service for ...
a)   their employees
b)   a small charge
c)   a sizeable amount of money
d)   free
30. The Internet greatly transformed …
a)   communication
b)   advertising
c)   intellectual contribution
d)   profit



Miністерство освіти і науки України
III етап Всеукраїнської учнівської олімпіади
з англійської мови




THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE
STAGE III NATIONAL STUDENTS OLYMPIAD
IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE


Listening Comprehension Test
For 9th form Students


TEACHER’S BOOKLET




Exploring Georgia

Would you like to see amazing wildlife and breathtaking scenery? Do you want to learn about a unique culture? If your answer is yes then you should follow in the footsteps of Mike Smith and take a trip to the state of Georgia in America.

Every year my wife and I go on a camping holiday in France. Although this is something we both really enjoy, this year I wanted to go somewhere I’d never been before and do something exciting. We did some research and came up with the idea of going to the US. We chose a kayaking holiday in the southern state of Georgia. Neither of us had ever been kayaking before, but we managed to find a package which included lessons for beginners.
Georgia is an amazing place; it’s a crossroad of different cultures and it has had a fascinating and at times violent past. It is also a place of untouched natural beauty, with nature parks and an unspoilt coastline. We went to Cathead Creek, an area rich in wildlife and scenery. Our kayaking instructor was a friendly local called Frank. As my wife and I had never been kayaking before, we found the first few lessons a bit challenging. In spite of this, Frank was always very patient and he would constantly offer words of encouragement. After some practice, we became more confident and realised it wasn’t that difficult. We also did a safety course and Frank made us aware of any potential dangers, including the alligators in the swamp! After completing the course, we felt ready for adventure and we decided to go further out along the Darien River. As we glided down the river, I felt a delicious shiver of fear run up my spine as I recalled Frank’s words of advice before we left, ‘Watch out for the alligators.’
 We quietly slipped past a huge alligator, its unblinking eyes staring at us with mild interest. We paddled on and watched brightly coloured birds fly over the water. We stopped to have some bread and cheese and admire the view. We saw fishing boats returning with their catch of Georgian shrimp, which is the region’s culinary speciality and is definitely worth trying if you visit Georgia. We also spent a few days on Cumberland Island, which is one of the many islands off Georgia’s coast. Cumberland Island is a protected paradise, which makes it both secluded and peaceful. We rented bicycles and followed a trail which led to a beautiful beach. On the following day, we took a tour of the island and this gave us the opportunity to see all kinds of amazing wildlife. It was a wonderful experience and, without a doubt, Cumberland Island is a place of unbelievable beauty.
As my wife is interested in history, we also dedicated some time to visiting various museums. I particularly enjoyed the Geechee Kunda Visitor’s Centre, which some locals had recommended - here we learnt about the first Africans that had been brought to the region in slave ships. A huge cotton and rice empire was built in Georgia using the Africans as slaves. They had been taken from different parts of West Africa and each group had their own culture, language, knowledge and music which they brought into their everyday life. After the Civil War the rice and cotton plantations were burnt down and the owners left, leaving the slaves behind. As a result, a unique culture was created known as Geechee. The Geechee people spoke their own language, which was a mix of various West African languages. In the present day, the Geechee Visitor’s Centre has made a huge effort to record the history and culture of these unique people. It was a fascinating experience and something that enriched our visit to Georgia.
We returned from our holiday feeling happy and relaxed and we plan to go back to Georgia next year!



Miністерство освіти і науки України

III етап Всеукраїнської учнівської олімпіади
з англійської мови

THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE
STAGE III NATIONAL STUDENTS OLYMPIAD
IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE




Listening Comprehension Test
For 9th form Students
Student’s Booklet


Do not open this booklet

until advised by the teacher



Directions: in this part of the section you will listen to a text. After listening look at the questions 1-10, decide, which of them are true (T) and which are false (F) according to the text you have heard and mark the letter you have chosen by encircling it.
            Remember that you are not allowed to take any notes while the text is being read out to you.

1. The couple decided to choose a kayaking holiday, because they had experience in such kind of sports.
T
F
2. Georgia is a marvelous place in the path of various cultures.
T
F
3. The narrator went to Cathead Greek with the locals.
T
F
4. Kayaking lessons were not included in a package, so writer had to hire a  local guide.
T
F
5. Gliding down the Darien River they witnessed a huge crocodile.
T
F
6. Georgian shrimps is a local dish.
T
F
7. The writer hired a car to get to the Cumberland island off Georgia’s coast.
T
F
8. All the island is rich in beautiful scenery, coloured birds and amazing wildlife.
T
F
9. The first Africans that had been brought to the area were slaves.
T
F
10. To record the historical and cultural events of this particular nation, the locals founded a special museum.
T
F

PLEASE STOP AND WAIT FOR THE SECOND READING OF THE TEXT.

Directions: in this part of the section you will listen to the text tor the second time. After listening look at the questions 11-20, decide, which of the given answers (A, B, C or D) best corresponds to what was stated or implied in the text you have heard and mark your answer by encircling the letter of your choice.
Remember that you are not allowed to take any notes while the text is being read out to you.
11. The narrator
a. wanted to go on an exciting holiday to an unknown place
b. had previous experience of kayaking.
c. had been to the US before.
d. wanted to do some research during his holiday.
12. The couple found kayaking
a. difficult at first.
b. easy.
c. hard because their instructor was impatient.
d. dangerous.
13.  Mike was frightened when they went down the Darien River because
a.   it was the first time he would be kayaking without his instructor.
b. there were alligators in the water.
c. he didn’t like kayaking.
d. he couldn’t swim.
14.  If you go to Georgia what kind of food does Mike recommend that you try?
a. bread and cheese
b. rice
c. fish
d. shrimps
15. Where did the narrator see abundant flora and fauna in a wild natural environment?
a. in Geechee Kunda Visitor’s centre
b. along the Darien River
c. visiting the beach
d. touring Cumberland Island
16. Find the equivalent for ‘secluded & peaceful’
a. distant & rich
b. detached & noisy
c. spacious & vibrant
d. separated & quiet
17. The couple went to the Geechee museum
a. because some locals had suggested it.
b. because it was the aim of their holiday.
c. to learn about the first Africans of the region.
d. to record the Geechee tradition.
18. Geechee is
a. a unique African-American culture.
b. a West African language.
c. a place in West Africa.
d. a kind of music.
19. Geechee’s dialect
a. was created by the locals .
b. was a mix of different West African languages.
c. was rich in tea plantation.
d. was created by the owners after the big cotton plantation fire.
20.  As the Civil War was over in Georgia…
a. understood the importance of the cotton empire.
b. realised the causes of the Civil War.
c. an extraordinary culture appeared.
d. the slaves learnt the Geechee language





Miністерство освіти і науки України

III етап Всеукраїнської учнівської олімпіади
з англійської мови

THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE
STAGE III NATIONAL STUDENTS OLYMPIAD
IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE


Speaking Comprehension Test
For 9th form Students


TEACHER’S BOOKLET







Directions:
In this Test you will select three task slips from those before you. After selecting three choose the one you feel you are most capable to speak about and return the other two to the table face down. Then take about a minute to collect your thoughts before you begin to speak on the topic. You may refer to the topic as needed. Take a deep breath and begin.

1.

What are the advantages of teaching children to play musical instruments? What is the best age to teach children a musical instrument? What should be the role of music in education? Which school subjects get priority and more respect than others and why?

2.

Every day we hear of more violence at sports events because fans become enraged when their team loses. Don’t you think that the most effective way to control such incidents would be to teach people how to handle defeat?

3.

Psychologists agree on the point that parents are less strict with later children than with their first child, or that first-born children are under more pressure to do well at school. Do you like your position in your family (the first child, a middle child, the youngest child, the only child)? Would you prefer to be in a different position? If so, why?

4.

The local council will soon decide whether our town will have a new sports centre or a new entertainment centre. Express your opinion telling us which one should be built. Give your reasons and say what you would like the centre to offer.

5.

Are you the kind of person who gets excited or frightened by change? What major life changes do you expect to make (e.g. leaving home, starting university/work)? What effect will they have on your life?

6.

Speak about your free-time activities. What interesting experiences have you had? What do your own hobbies tell people about your personality?

7.

Animals should be treated with the same respect as humans. Which animals do people keep as pets in your country? Why? What are the advantages and disadvantages? Do you think it is right to spend money on keeping pets when so many people in the world live in poverty?

8.

Think about something of yours you particularly value. It could be any object, big or small. Describe it and explain why it is so important to you. Start with “My most treasured possession …”

9.

Your friend is overweight. Try to persuade him/her that healthy eating is very important. Tell us what kinds of food are popular with young people in your country.


10.

In recent years there has been an increase in personal security devices. Why are people too obsessed with security these days? In which public places do you feel secure and insecure? Are there enough police on the streets in your country? Is it a safe place for tourists?

11.

‘For every minute spent organizing, an hour is earned.’ Are you an organized person or not? Do you like to plan carefully in advance or do you prefer to be more spontaneous? Do you have any friends or relatives who are very different from you in this respect? Does this ever cause problems?


12.

How often do you read reviews of books, TV programmes, films, music albums, etc.? Where do you read them? If you don’t read reviews, whose opinion do you listen to when choosing what to watch, read or listen to? Have you ever posted your own review of something on a website?

13.

Celebrities should be allowed to keep their private lives private, without the invasion of the media. Express your ideas about this subject.

14.

Living in a foreign country cannot be better than living in your own. Do you agree? Express your ideas about this subject.

15.

Think of memorable celebration you’ve taken part in. Who took part and what happened? How would you describe the occasion (moving, funny, exhilarating)? Give reasons.

16.

Many countries are in danger of losing their cultural identity on account of globalization. Think about this problem and say what could be done to avoid this.

17.

The media has both harmful and beneficial effects. Do you agree? Express your ideas about this subject.

18.

Describe the place you would like to visit at some time in the future and explain why it appeals to you.

19.

Television often has a harmful effect on children. What can be done to prevent television programmes having a negative influence on children?

20.

A lot of opportunities are available for young people nowadays. Is it true that today’s young people are spoilt by having too much given to them?


21.

What kind of music do you like? What types of music do you associate with ‘easy listening’ and ‘youthful rebellion’? Do you like singers to write their own songs or do you prefer them to do covers?

22.

Describe a place with which you have very strong emotional associations and explain the reasons for these associations.


23.

What is it ‘cool’ to wear these days in your country if you are a young person? When you buy something new to wear, do you care what other people think? What do you think of people who are always changing their image (e.g. through a new hairstyle, different clothes or tattoos)?

24.

Think about three professions that are the most important for today’s society. What qualifications, personal qualities, work experience, etc. would you need in order to get one of these jobs? Which jobs do you think are the most and least prestigious? Why?

25.

Libraries are not necessary any more as people stopped reading books. Do you agree? What place does literature take in your life? What are your reading habits?



Miністерство освіти і науки України

III етап Всеукраїнської учнівської олімпіади
з англійської мови

THE MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF UKRAINE
STAGE III NATIONAL STUDENTS OLYMPIAD
IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Writing Comprehension Test
For 9th form Students
TEACHER’S BOOKLET


DIRECTIONS:
In this Test you will be given the task written on the board. You will begin writing your essay on the pages provided. When you are finished close your papers. Lay down your pen and wait for us to collect your test materials.

Choose one of the three suggested topics and comment on it in a written form. Make sure that you not only make general comments but also provide personal facts, ideas, and feelings.


1.    Dieting is a very modern phenomenon.

2.    It is better to have a wide circle of friends than one close friend.

3.    Advertising is the art of convincing people to spend money they don't have
for something they don't need.







Reading KEY 9:
TEXT 1: 1a, 2d, 3b, 4d, 5c, 6b
TEXT 2: 7b, 8d, 9a, 10d, 11c, 12d
TEXT 3 : 13c, 14c, 15a, 16d, 17b, 18c
TEXT 4 : 19a, 20c, 21b, 22c, 23b, 24d
TEXT 5 : 25b, 26a, 27d, 28c, 29d, 30a
Listening key 9
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
F
T
F
F
T
T
F
T
T
T


11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
a
a
b
d
d
d
a
a
b
c

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